Ethical Legacy

In my opinion, one of the activities has a positive impact on the work ethic that is voluntary. Every year, I participate in volunteer activities each summer or in the spare time. My friend and I have organized the charity work; participate in community activities and work actively to protect the environment.We have organized clubs such as teaching charity for poor children who cannot afford to go to school in the neighboring provinces, building compassion for the poor and gatherings were held on special occasions particularly for children(such as mid-autumn festival and international children's day). We build and do many activities such as selling newspapers, books, souvenirs handmade and sale them. All benefits in the activities will be contributed to buying your textbooks for poor students learn.These Jobs helped me more pleasure, relieve the stress of learning hours at school, and bring Joy to your child. In addition, I am also actively involved in environmental protection which is energy saving, waste sorting, k littering in public places. Keeping the environment green and clean more. It's Just little things, but it also contributes to the reduction of illiteracy rate in Vietnam, help for the poor people who are stagnated, they have to earn their living hard to get the food out daily. In volunteering, I remember that activity â€Å"the exam season† and â€Å"Relay to school. It is an organization of volunteer team: consultants, candidates and help the candidates about where to eat, stay, and travel, venues and guide to the exam registration process, keeping participants security and order, traffic safety in college entrance exam scores at the school. And organize activities â€Å"to the 2013 Relay† with the contents: admissions guidelines; selected industries, consulting, search the motel, etc to support the students; first-year students enter the school. I think that volunteer activities are an activity most meaningful to me.Because, volunt eer activities are not only helped me develop professional competence, wisdom and his zeal to contribute to the economic development of culture and society in a number of localities, but also through the activities volunteer promote the collection, solidarity, education and the environment to students, give students the knowledge, practical approach, trained public relations capacity, the main character and bravery treatment to best meet operational needs social needs education of youth and adult students.

Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy Based Active Power Engineering Essay

Abstract- In this article describe the public presentation of a sinusoidal current accountant based three-phase shunt active power line conditioners ( APLC ) for power quality betterments such as harmonics and reactive power compensation due to imbalanced and non-linear tonss. The electromotive force deformations are compensated by positive-sequence electromotive force sensor and harmonic extracted from changeless instantaneous existent power control scheme, this attack is different from the conventional methods. The shunt APLC is implemented with PWM current controlled electromotive force beginning inverter and connected to the point of common yoke for extinguish the current harmonic and do sinusoidal current to the beginning. The mention current ( s ) are extracted from sinusoidal current accountant algorithm and PWM-VSI gate control signals are generated from hysteresis current accountant ( HCC ) . The relative integral ( PI ) -controller used to keep the changeless DC-side electr ical capacity electromotive force of the PWM inverter. The shunt APLC is investigated in footings of order of harmonics, VDC subsiding clip and assorted parametric quantities under the assorted non-linear burden conditions. Keywords- Shunt Active Power Line Conditioners ( APLC ) , Hysteresis Current Controller ( HCC ) , Sinusoidal current accountant, Positive sequence electromotive force sensor.IntroductionPower transmittal and distribution systems are criticized by power quality jobs due to the non-linear tonss, such as power convertors, rectifiers, arc furnaces and other industrial applications like variable velocity thrusts. These non-linear tonss introduce harmonic deformation in the power distribution system [ 1 ] . The current harmonics cause the malfunctions in sensitive equipment, overvoltage by resonance and harmonic electromotive force bead across the web electric resistance that consequence is hapless power factor. Traditionally these jobs were solved by LC inactive filters. But in practical applications these inactive filters introduce aging and tuning jobs, resonance, big size and it ‘s besides limited to few harmonics. The different constellations of inactive VAR compensators ( SVCs ) have been participated for solve these jobs of power-factor rectification. Unfortunately some SVCs produce lower-order harmonics themselves and response clip of some SVCs may be excessively long to be acceptable for fast-fluctuating tonss [ 2-3 ] . Recently active power filters ( APF ) or active power-line conditioners ( APLC ) are developed for compensate the current-harmonics and reactive power at the same time due to power factor rectification [ 4 ] . The APLC has the ability to maintain the brinies current balanced after counterbalancing regardless of either the burden is non-linear and/or imbalanced conditions. The APLC can be connected in series for operate as electromotive force beginning and in analogue for operate as current beginning, but the series APF is non found in common practical usage, so this paper concentrate the shunt APLC system [ 5 ] . Controller is the sole of the active power filter and presently batch of research is being conducted and proposed assorted control schemes [ 6-7 ] . The sinusoidal current accountant algorithm is widely applied for active filter design, because simple mathematical computation, hardiness and good dynamic response. This accountant contains of positive sequence electromotive force sensor and instantaneous power theory ( p-q theory ) concept [ 3 ] . The footing of instantaneous power theory is supplying good compensation features. Current harmonics is achieved by shooting equal but opposite current harmonic constituents at the point of common yoke ( PCC ) , there by call offing the original deformation and bettering the power quality on the connected power system. This paper presents sinusoidal current accountant based shunt APLC for current harmonics and reactive power compensation under non-linear and imbalanced tonss. The shunt APLC is implemented with three stage PWM electromotive force beginning inverter and connected to the Ac mains web at the point of common matching for compensate the harmonics by shooting equal but opposite harmonic counterbalancing current. The mention currents are generated utilizing sinusoidal current accountant and PWM-VSI gate control signals are derived from hysteresis current accountant, this attack is different from conventional methods. The Proportional Integral ( PI ) accountant used to keep the dc-side electrical capacity electromotive force of the PWM inverter invariable. The shunt APLC is investigated and measured assorted parametric quantity values under different tonss.Sinusoidal Current Control schemeShunt APLC system designShunt active power filter is connected in analogue with the distribution supply and the non-linear tonss at the point of common yoke. The three stage active power filter consist of six power transistors with drifting rectifying tubes, a District of Columbia capacitance, RL filter, compensation accountant ( sinusoidal current accountant ) and gate signal generator ( hysteresis current accountant ) shown in the fig 1. The mention current generated utilizing sinusoidal current accountant and this accountant contains the positive sequence electromotive force sensor and instantaneous power theory computations. The RL-filter suppresses the harmonics caused by the switching operation of the IGBTs inverter. Current harmonics is achieved by shooting equal but opposite current harmonic constituents at the point of common yoke, there by call offing the original deformation and bettering the power quality on the affiliated power distributed system.PWM-VSIHysteresis Current ControllerVDCVDC, refVsa, Vsb, Vscisa, isb, iscica, icb, Interstate Commerce CommissionRs, LsPCCFilt erisa* , isb* , isc*NitrogenUnbalanced burdenRL, LL3-Phase BeginningABacillusCRL LLCBacillusANon-sinusoidal LoadCurrentDetectorVoltageDetectorABacillusCGramPI ControllerVdc SensorInstantaneous Power theory computationSinusoidal current controlPositive sequence electromotive force sensorCDCFig 1 Shunt APLC implemented with PWM-VSI ConfigurationSinusoidal current control schemeThe block diagram of the sinusoidal current control scheme is shown in fig 2. This block contains the Positive sequence electromotive force sensor, PI accountant, Clarke transmutation, Instantaneous power computation, Low base on balls filter ( LPF ) , current computation and Inverse Clarke transmutation. The deformed or unbalanced electromotive force beginnings involved the cardinal positive sequence electromotive force sensor ( shown in fig 3 ) , which uses a PLL circuit ( shown in fig 4 ) locked to the cardinal frequence of the system voltages. It should synchronising angle to bring forth unitary and balanced sinusoidal electromotive force signals. These instantaneous 3-phase co-ordinate e lectromotive forces are transformed into the co-ordinates by utilizing the Clarke transmutation, it can be written as [ 3 ] The instantaneous beginning current besides transformed into the co-ordinates by Clarke transmutation ; Whereand axes are the extraneous co-ordinates and are on the-axis and are on the-axis. Let the instantaneous existent power calculated in the -axis and the -axis of the current and electromotive force severally. They are given by the conventional definition of existent power as follows: This instantaneous existent powerallows merely the cardinal frequence with the set of Butterworth design based 50 Hz low base on balls filter for calculate the existent power losingss and it ‘s defined as The DC power losingss calculated from PWM-voltage beginning inverter electrical capacity electromotive force and compared with coveted mention electromotive force. The relative integral ( PI ) accountant is finding the dynamic response and settling clip of the DC coach electromotive force, it can be written as The conventional instantaneous existent power calculated from the existent power loss and the dc power loss, it can be defined as follows ; The instantaneous current on the co-ordinates of are divided into two sorts of instantaneous current constituents ; foremost is existent power loss and 2nd is reactive power loss, this accountant computed merely the existent power losingss. The co-ordinate currents are calculated from thevoltages with instantaneous existent power and reactive power assume as nothing. This attack is reduced the computations and different from the conventional methods ; the co-ordinate currents can be calculated as The mentions of the compensating currents are calculated outright without any clip hold by utilizing the instantaneous -coordinate currents. The coveted mentions current derivate from the opposite Clarke transmutation, it can be written as The mention currents compared with existent beginning current and generated PWM-VSI gate thrust signals utilizing the hysteresis accountant. Positive sequence sensor Clarke Transformation Instantaneous Real ( P ) power computation Inverse Clarke Transformation -? current computation PI accountant LPF vsa vsb vsc isa isb iscV?V?i? i?V?V?Vdc Vdc, ref ic? ic? isa* isb* isc*Fig 2 Block diagram for the sinusoidal current control schemeThe little sum of existent power is adjusted by altering the amplitude of cardinal constituent of mention current and the aim of this algorithm is to counterbalance all unwanted constituents. The control scheme indicates that shunt APLC should pull the opposite of the non active current of the burden and the consequences shown remunerated currents are relative to the corresponding stage electromotive force. When the power system electromotive forces are balanced and sinusoidal, it leads to constant power at the dc-side capacitance.Positive sequence electromotive force sensorFig 3 shows the block diagram of the positive-sequence electromotive force sensor, it consists portion of PLL circuit, Clarke transmutation, instantaneous power computation ( p-q theory construct ) , voltage computation and reverse transmutation. The electromotive forces are transformed into the co-ordinates to determineusing Clarke transmutation ( m ention equation 1 ) . They are used to run into with subsidiary currents that are produced in the PLL circuit to cipher the subsidiary powers. The amplitude of the subsidiary currents is set to integrity. The first order Butterworth low base on balls filter with cutoff frequence at 50 Hz is used for obtaining the mean powers.Clarke TransformationInstantaneous power computationInverse Clarke Transformation?-? electromotive force computationLPFVsaVsbVscV?V?i?PLL circuitLPFi?V? ‘V? ‘Fig 3 positive sequence electromotive force sensorThe instantaneous electromotive forces which correspond to clip maps of the cardinal positive sequence electromotive force sensor of the system The instantaneous three-phase electromotive forces can be calculated from the co-ordinate ‘s electromotive forces by using the opposite Clarke transmutation The positive sequence electromotive force sensor provides good moral forces and satisfactory truth even under non-linear or imbalanced burden conditions. The sensing of the cardinal positive-sequence constituents of is necessary in the sinusoidal current control scheme. This control scheme makes the shunt APLC to counterbalance burden currents, which produces mean existent power merely is supplied by the beginning.Phase locked cringle ( PLL ) circuitThe PLL-synchronizing circuit shown in fig 4 determines automatically the system frequence and the inputs are line electromotive forces and. The end products of the PLL circuit are the co-ordinate synchronism currents. The current feedback signals and is built up by the PLL circuit and clip built-in of end product calculated of the PI-Controller. It is holding unity amplitude and lead to 1200 these represent a feedback from the frequence. -cos ( ?t – ?/2 ) Sin ( ?t – ?/2 ) Sin ( ?t ) Sin ( ?t+2?/3 ) Pi Accountant Vab Vcb?Fig 4 Phase locked loop circuitThe PLL synchronising circuit can make a stable point of operation when the input of the PI accountant has a nothing norm value ( ) . Once the circuit is stabilized, the mean value of is zero and the stage angle of the supply system electromotive force at cardinal frequence is reached. At this status, the currents become extraneous to the cardinal stage electromotive force constituent. The PLL synchronism end product currents are defined as The PLL design should let proper operation under distorted and imbalanced supply electromotive forces. The PLL synchronism end product currents used to find the instantaneous power computation and generate unitary and balanced sinusoidal electromotive force.Hysteresis current accountantiactual ( T )iref ( T )vitamin E ( T )emaxeminioutvoutLiterFig 5 Hysteresis current accountantThe current mistake is derived from the comparing of coveted mention current and the existent beginning current shown in fig 4. If the mistake current is exceed the upper bound of the hysteresis set ( h=0.5 ) , the upper switch of the inverter arm is turned OFF and the lower switch is turned ON. As a consequence, the current starts to disintegrate. If the mistake current crosses the lower bound of the hysteresis set ( h=-0.5 ) , the lower switch of the inverter arm is turned OFF and the upper switch is turned ON. As a consequence, the current gets back into the hysteresis set. The scope of the mistake signaldi rectly controls the sum of ripple electromotive force in the end product current from the PWM-VSI.Consequence and analysisThe public presentation of the proposed sinusoidal current control scheme based shunt APLC is evaluated through Matlab tools in order to pattern and prove the system under non-linear and/or imbalanced burden conditions. The system parametric quantities values are ; Line to line beginning electromotive force is 440 V ; System frequence ( degree Fahrenheit ) is 50 Hz ; Source electric resistance of RS, LS is 1 ? and 0.1 mH ; Filter electric resistance of Rc, Lc is 1 ? and 0.5 mH ; Diode rectifier RL, LL burden is 20 ? and 200 mH ; Unbalanced three stage RL, LL burden electric resistance is R1=10 ? , R2=50 ? , R3=90 ? and 10 mH severally ; DC side electrical capacity ( CDC ) is 1200 ?F ; Reference electromotive force ( VDC, ref ) is 400 V ; Power devices build by IGBT/diode. Non-linear burden status: The non-linear or non-sinusoidal RL burden consists of six-pulse rectifying tube Rectifier and connected Ac chief web. The Non-linear RL burden of rectifying tube rectifier parametric quantities are 20 ohms and 200 mH and the simulation clip is t=0 to 0.1s. The simulation consequence of beginning current after compensation is presented in fig. 5 ( a ) that indicates the current is sinusoidal. The rectifying tube rectifier burden current or beginning current before compensation is shown in fig 5 ( B ) . The coveted mention cardinal current extracted from the proposed sinusoidal current accountant, shown in fig. 5 ( degree Celsius ) . The shunt APLC supplies the counterbalancing current that is shown in fig. 5 ( vitamin D ) . These current wave forms are peculiar stage ( phase a ) . Other stages are non shown as they are merely phase shifted by 1200( a )( degree Celsius )( B )( vitamin D )Fig.5 Simulation consequences for three-phase active-power-line conditioners under non-linear burd en status ( a ) Source current after APLC, ( B ) Load currents or beginning current before compensation, ( degree Celsius ) Mention currents by the sinusoidal current control algorithm and ( vitamin D ) Compensation current by APLC Non-Linear with Unbalanced burden status: The three stage unbalanced RL burden connected parallel with diode rectifier non-linear burden in the three stage Ac chief web, shown in fig 1. The imbalanced three stage RL burden electric resistance are R1=10 ? , R2=50 ? , R3=90 ? and 10 mH severally and the simulation clip is t=0 to 0.1s counted. The imbalanced RL burden current or beginning current before compensation is shown in 6 ( a ) . The three-phase beginning current after compensation is presented in fig. 6 ( B ) that indicates the current becomes sinusoidal. The shunt APLC supplies the counterbalancing current based on the proposed accountant that is shown in fig. 6 ( degree Celsius ) . We have to boot achieved power factor rectification as shown in fig. 6 ( vitamin D ) , a-phase electromotive force is in- stage with a-phase current.( B )( degree Celsius )( vitamin D )( a )Fig.6 Simulation consequences for three-phase active-power-line conditioners under non-linear with imbalanced burden status ( a ) RL Load current ( B ) Source current after APLC ( degree Celsius ) Compensation current by APLC and ( vitamin D ) integrity power factor wave forms. DC side capacitance electromotive force settling clip: The dc side electrical capacity electromotive force ( Cdc ) subsiding clip are controlled by relative built-in ( PI ) accountant and this accountant reduces the ripple electromotive force. The subsiding clip value in both non-linear and imbalanced status ( t=0.02s ) are same and it ‘s plotted in fig 7. Fig 7 the DC side capacitance electromotive force subsiding clip are same in both non-linear and non-linear with imbalanced burden ( t=0.02s ) Order of harmonics: The Fourier analysis of the beginning current with the cardinal frequence is plotted in fig 9. This order of the harmonics plotted under non-linear and imbalanced status utilizing sinusoidal current accountant based shunt APLC system.( a )( B )( degree Celsius )Fig 9 Order of harmonics ( a ) under the non-linear burden status, the beginning current without APLC ( THD=24.95 % ) , ( B ) under the non-linear status with APLC ( THD=3.93 % ) and ( degree Celsius ) under the non-linear with imbalanced burden status beginning current with APLC compensation ( THD=3.50 % ) Entire harmonic deformation ( THD ) : The entire harmonic deformation measured from the beginning current on the distribution system. The sinusoidal current accountant based compensator filter made additive beginning current to the supply. The entire harmonic deformation measured and compared both non-linear and non-linear with imbalanced burden status, shown in table 2. Table 2 FFT analysis of Total harmonic deformation ( THD ) Condition ( THD ) Beginning Current ( IS ) without APLC Beginning Current ( IS ) with APLC Non-linear burden 24.95 % 3.93 % Non-linear with Unbalanced burden 21.95 % 3.50 % Power factor 0.9188 0.9999 The simulation is done assorted non-linear and non-linear with imbalanced burden conditions. The sinusoidal current control based counterbalancing active filter made balance duty even the system is imbalanced. FFT analysis of the active filter brings the THD of the beginning current less than 5 % into adopted with IEEE 519-1992 and IEC 61000-3 criterions harmonic under non-linear and/or imbalanced burden conditions.DecisionThe shunt active power line conditioner connected to the power distribution system on Ac brinies in analogue with the burden ; compensates the current harmonics and reactive power due to the non additive and/or unbalanced tonss. The electromotive force deformations are compensated by positive-sequence electromotive force sensor and harmonic extracted from changeless instantaneous power control scheme. The mention current ( s ) are generated utilizing sinusoidal current control algorithm and PWMVSI gate signals are generated from hysteresis set current accountant. T he PI-controller used to keep the dc-side electrical capacity electromotive force of the PWM inverter invariable. The shunt APLC is investigated in footings of order of harmonics, THD and VDC settling clip under different burden conditions. The mensural sum harmonic deformation of the beginning currents conformity with IEEE 519-1992 and IEC 61000-3 criterions. This proposed sinusoidal current control algorithm based APLC system can be implemented field programmable gate array ( FPGA ) devices attempted as a future work.

Seasonal Allergens

In Austin many people suffer from seasonal allergies which are triggered by mold spores and pollen grains mainly during spring and fall. Mold spores are responsible for causing seasonal allergic rhinitis also known as hay fever. Molds did not have a specific bloomy seasons but their presence in the air is affect by weather conditions such as rain, temperature, humidity and wind. There numbers increase during warm humid summer months and reach their peak during fall. O the other hand pollen grains have specific pollination period usually depending on the origin of the plant.When allergen substances and pollen grains enter the body, they cause the immune system to respond through an allergic reaction. During seasonal allergens people who are allergy sufferers should be encouraged to avoid the allergens by staying indoors. Allergy sufferers should learn to avoid early morning outdoor activities mainly because this is when pollen grains are being transferred from one tree to another. Pol len Allergy Pollens grains are protective sacks that certain male gametes that are necessary for plant fertilization.During pollination time, these male gametes are transferred to female plant for fertilization. Wind loving plants now rely on the wind to transfer their pollens grains. This is the main cause of allergic problems because the pollen grains of wind loving plant are very light in weight and air borne particles. In Austin, Texas trees like oak and elm pollinate during spring and therefore cause seasonal allergies in early spring. Ragweed plant is disastrous to allergy sufferers because it pollinates from mid August to October.The pollen grains of this plant are very light weight and can travel to a distance of 400 miles from the plant. Mold allergy Micro-scoping mold spores are present all year round floating in the air just like pollen grains, but they peak during summer and fall. Mold air borne allergies are both found indoors and outdoors and include cladosporium and a spergillus. The most common sign of these season allergens are sore throat, itchiness, running nose, sneezing and congestion. During seasonal allergic periods, pollen grain and mold spores are very high and they stick on clothing, hair, skin and pets.Pollen grain transfer usually takes place during the early morning period Cedar fever Cedar fever is also referred to as mountain cedar allergy which seasonally starts from December all the way to February. This allergy is caused by the mountain cedar tree and tree of the cypress family. The mountain cedar tree grows naturally to a maximum of 30 feet. It is an evergreen tree which the most allergenic tree in Austin Texas. The tree has both male and female plants and it pollinates from October to May. During this period, the male plant transfers its pollen grain to the female plant.This occurs mainly during the windy seasons when the branches of this tree are disturbed and its pollen grains appear like smoke in the air. Oak allergy Oak t rees shed allergen amount of pollen grains starting from February to late May. The sufferers of oak allergy usually reach the peak of their symptoms during mid April. Oak tree allergies can range from moderate to severe allergic reaction. Austin has a great diversity of oak tree are yellowish in colour will stick on house roofs, cars and outdoor furniture’s. Seasonal allergensAustin is rated among the top five worst places hit by allergies. It has three unique pollen seasons which occur during the Fall, the Spring and Winter. In the Fall, the ragweed plant and other weed are responsible for releasing their pollen grains usually from mid August all the way to early November. In Austin, this season last for a long period than in any other part of the country. During the Spring, the oak tree, Elm and Ash trees transfer their pollen grains starting from February to early June. In the winter, the mountain cedar tree releases its pollen from December up to February.Pollen counts fr om the central Texas are the highest pollen counts of any type of plant in the world. During days of high cedar pollen counts, people who are allergic to cedar cannot go outdoors without having serious allergenic symptoms. (Guyton, AC, and Hall, JE, 2006). Scientific review of human allergies Abstract Allergies are disorders of the immune systems that occur as a reaction to environmental substances. An allergic response also known as immediate hypersensitivity is characterized by excessive activation of mast cell by immunoglobulin E.Allergic responses can be divided into two pathophysiological phases including the acute response and the late-phase response. The acute or immediate response occurs immediately after being exposed to a particular allergen. Allergic responses consist of primary responses and secondary responses. A primary immune response occurs after a first encounter with an antigen. Human allergies have two major risk factors which include environmental and host factor s. Host factors include age, heredity and race while environmental factors vary from exposure to infectious diseases, dietary changes, allergen counts and environmental pollution.Allergic symptoms could be moderate or severe depending on the immune system of the affected person. Human allergies Scientific research studies suggest that allergies are the fifth leading chronic disease and affect more than 50 million people in the United States. There are various types of allergies ranging from allergic rhinitis to food allergy. Allergic rhinitis causes swelling of the nasal mucosa and respiratory discomfort such as running nose and sneezing. Skin allergies cause blisters and itchy rashes that rise from touching allergic substances.Allergy swelling can cause swallowing difficulties. Anaphylactic allergies cause severe symptoms such as bronchoconstiction, skin reaction and sometimes lead to death. Scientific studies show that children who have allergic parents have a higher likelihood of developing similar allergies. The human’s immune systems is developed in such a manner that it can detect a foreign organism in the body. If a foreign substance such as pollen is identified the body defence mechanism came into action to fight the foreign substance. The body produces immunoglobulin E to fight the detected foreign organism.(Leznoff. A. , (1999). Allergic symptoms usually occur when a sensitive person is exposed to a substance that could be harmless to other normal people. Allergic symptoms are mainly inherited but could also develop at any age depending on the time of exposure to allergens. There are three major categories of allergens including inhalants such as pollens, mold and dust. The other categories are ingestions and injected substances such as drug, beverages and vaccines. Allergies are disorders of the immune systems that occur as a reaction to environmental substances.An allergic response also known as immediate hypersensitivity is characterized by excessive activation of mast cell by immunoglobulin E. most allergic substances are airborne particles especially dust and pollen grains. Hay fever is an allergic reaction that occurs in response to airborne pollen and it causes sneezing, irritation of the nose and the redness of the eyes. Inhaled pollen grains could also cause asthmatic symptoms trough bronchoconstriction, shortness of breathe, wheezing and excessive production of mucus in the lungs.Allergic reactions can also result from food, medication and insect bites. Food allergies may cause symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal pains, swelling of the skin or diarrhea. Insect bites and medication cause a systematic response that is also known as anaphylaxis which affects multiple systems of the body. Human allergies have two major risk factors which include environmental and host factors. Host factors include age, heredity and race while environmental factors vary from exposure to infectious diseases, dietary changes, allerge n counts and environmental pollution. (http://www.setel. com/~allergy/Products/allergy) Seasonal allergy responses and how human health is affected Abstract Seasonal allergens have very adverse reactions on different people depending on the type of allergen and the immune system of each individual. Seasonal allergies could interfere with a person’s ability to perform their daily duties. In the United States, up to 35million people suffer from seasonal allergies and as a result, an average of 4 million workdays are lost each year. A majority of allergy sufferers have reported that they have difficulty sleeping or working effectively.Seasonal allergic responses During seasonal allergens people who are allergy sufferers should be encouraged to avoid the allergens by staying indoors. This method is effective when they limit outdoor activities especially when the pollen counts are at their peak. If one cannot afford going outdoors, they must take a shower and change clothes immedi ately after, because pollen grains stick to hair, clothing and skin. Allergy sufferers should learn to avoid early morning outdoor activities mainly because this is when pollen grains are being transferred from one tree to another.In cases where one must work outdoor, they should wear a dust and pollen mask that helps to prevent inhaling pollen grains, mold spores and dust. Allergy sufferers could respond to seasonal allergens through immunotherapy, whereby they get allergy vaccines which lead to reduction in allergic symptoms. After taking shots for a period of 3 to 5 years, allergy sufferers experience reduced symptoms and thus need less medication. Allergy shots are more effective for inhalants and insect bite allergies. other people can respond to allergens by taking medication to control the allergic symptoms.The common types of medication used include lung inhalers, nasal sprays and oral medication. Allergic symptoms could be moderate or severe depending on the immune system o f the affected person. Allergies are overreactions of the immune system to foreign substances such as pollen grains, peanuts, insect bites and certain medications. Allergic symptoms usually include sneezing, running nose, itching, skin rashes and wheezing. On many occasions allergic reactions could lead to asthma, which occurs when the airways are temporarily blocked or even narrowed due to exposure to certain allergens.Symptoms of an asthma attack mainly include difficulty breathing, wheezing, shortness of breathe or coughing. (http://allergies. about. com/od/alternatives/Alternative_Allergy_Treatment_Options. htm) Allergic responses Allergic responses can be divided into two pathophysiological phases including the acute response and the late-phase response. The acute or immediate response occurs immediately after being exposed to a particular allergen. Allergic responses consist of primary responses and secondary responses. A primary immune response occurs after a first encounter with an antigen.This type of response is small and has a long induction phase. On the other hand, secondary responses occur after a second exposure to a particular antigen. The acute allergic response occurs within minutes following an allergen exposure caused by the release of histamine and mast cell granules. This acute allergic response is referred to as type 1 allergic reaction. The type 1V allergic reaction may occur within a period of 6 hours to 12 hours after an exposure to an allergen. On detecting a foreign substance in the body, the immune system reacts to the antigen in two responses which include cellular response and antibody response.In cellular response, the immune system produces special white blood cells which are referred to as T lymphocytes, which have the capability of binding to the foreign antigens and destroying them. In the antibody response, the immune system reacts by producing and releasing blood proteins known as antibodies into the bloodstream. (Levinson , W. , (2004). When allergen substances and pollen grains enter the body, they cause the immune system to respond through an allergic reaction. The immune system produces antibodies which have mast cells attached to them.These antibodies bind to the allergen substances either on the skin, in the nose or in the respiratory system. On binding with allergens, mast cells become activated and release histamine, a substance that produces most of the symptoms associated with allergic reactions. The symptoms include wheezing, itching, sneezing and nasal congestions. Although these symptoms are meant to assist the body in fighting off the foreign substances, they could sometimes be very severe and fatal on some people. References Allergies, (2006a), Alternative Allergy Treatment Options, [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://allergies.about. com/od/alternatives/Alternative_Allergy_Treatment_Options. htm Allergy, (2006), What is Allergy, [Online], retrieved from Interne t on 10 January 2007, http://www. setel. com/~allergy/Products/allergy Guyton, AC, and Hall, JE, (2006), Textbook of Medical Physiology-11th Edition, Published by Elsevier, Pa. , ISBN 13-81-8147-920-3 Levinson, W. , (2004), Medical Microbiology & Immunology, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill Companies, ISBN 0-07-143199-3 Leznoff. A. , (1999), Provocative challenges in patients with multiple chemical sensitivity, J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997 Apr; 99 (4):438-42

Jewish Understanding of the Nature of Ultimate Reality Essay

Jewish Understanding of the Nature of Ultimate Reality - Essay Example Addressing the Job, the Lord offers him a long list of questions. He does it not to injure Job’s pride but to make him think over more deeply about that what is well known to him: about God who laid the Earth’s Foundation and the secret that is present in it. Moreover, The Lord showed the Job ten peculiarities of the natural world arrangement as for instance, dead secret or nine types of animals that illustrate the secret of creating life. The last verse gives an opportunity to see or to understand the atmosphere of judicial proceedings between the Lord and the Job, and this is actually what Job tried to achieve. After all, the purpose of this conversation, however, is not to establish somebody’s fault or innocence, but the statement of truth about life as the God’s creation. Why do people give up, and others continue to fight despite everything? The best way of looking at this question is to consider the life and work of one of the famous neurologist Fran kl who is also known as the person that survived in Auschwitz (this camp is closely related to Jews as there were a lot of them there). He made certain discoveries and became the person who founded logo-therapy. This person had to endure the horror of concentration camps. Being the ordinary prisoner, Frankl described in his writing the painful camp reality which had a reflection on people’s state of mind. It is undeniable that it was a cruel fight for survival, even between prisoners; a grim struggle for the slice of bread and self-preservation.

Transformational Leadership Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transformational Leadership - Dissertation Example   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  __________________ Date  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dean, School of Advanced Studies University of Phoenix Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Abstract 5 1.0. Introduction 8 Problem Statement 10 Purpose Statement 11 Significance of the Study 12 Nature of the Study 13 1.1.1.Design of the study 13 Justification for the chosen methodology 13 1.5.1 Characteristics of the sample 13 1.5.2. Data collection 14 1.5.3. Data analysis 14 Hypothesis/Research Questions 14 Theoretical Framework 15 1.1.2.Definitions of Terms 17 1.1.3.Assumptions 20 Scope of Study 21 1.1.4.Limitations 21 1.1.5.Delimitations 22 1.2.Summary 22 2.0. Chapter 2: Review of Literature 24 2.1. Historical Overview 24 2.1.1. Empowerment Through leadership 26 2.1.2. Leadership Development 31 2.1.3. Academic Achievement 37 2.2. Summary 47 3.0. CHAPTER 3: METHOD 49 3.1. Research Design 49 3.1.2. Appropriateness of Design 51 3.2. Research Questions 52 3.3. Population 53 3.4. Informed Consent 54 3.5. Sampling Frame 54 3.6. Data collection 54 3.6.1. Confidentiality 56 3.6.2. Geographic Location 56 3.6.3. Instrumentation 56 3.7. Data Analysis 57 3.7.1. Validity 58 3.7.2. Reliability 58 3.8. Summary 58 Reference 60 Abstract This study takes an in-depth look at transformational leadership and how effective this model of leadership is when implemented. The study is conducted in the context of Schools to explore how principals and the management achieve transformational leadership, how it is nurtured and developed and the benefits derived from implementing this model of leadership. The main aim of this study is to identify how transformational leadership has enhanced school teachers and administrators’ effectiveness in managing and improving schools through educational reforms and other improvement practices. The study identified that leadership in a schools is not much different from leadership in private sector companies and is thus very critical to the effectiveness of learning. One of the major problems identified in this study is lack of well developed leadership that could enable leaders to address the challenges that are currently faced at schools. Effective leadership as mentioned in this study is essential for the transformation of the organization and it is fundamental for driving the strategic and cultural plans that are used to enhance improvement in parental involvement, technology and academic achievement. This research has identified that transformational leadership is the most effective leadership model in guiding organizations through significant changes. The study has taken quantitative research approach focusing on public schools in the United States as the

Peer review of the proposals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peer review of the proposals - Essay Example   The second proposal covers most of the criteria but fails to point out the hypothesis precisely. The writer claims that the intent of the study is to explore curatorial modes of contemporary art specific to the Asian-Pacific region and develop guidelines for curators to use when deciding on the most appropriate mode. The study will achieve this by adopting a qualitative method in analyzing the history of curatorial practice and how it affects contemporary practice. Also, the author will explore a number of case studies in modern museum art with the emphasis on the display to determine the mode that best promotes public attendance in the specific region. The study topic is stated in the title of the proposal and explained in the proposal. The author also provides possible outcomes of the study which includes improved local economy, advocating existing culture and creating an environment that suits the needs of the community.The content of the study is relevant as it is focused on art administration. The author concentrates on improving the competence of curators with an aim of improving the administration of the museum. The author suggests that the guidelines developed from the study will help the curators to improve the local economy by aggregating the number of visitors. Also, the museum will maintain its role as a representative of the local culture since it will be rearranged to suit the needs of the local community. However, the lack of a clearly stated hypothesis and the study design used to reduce the viability of the study.

Using Graphic Organizers to Teach Reading Comprehension Essay

Using Graphic Organizers to Teach Reading Comprehension - Essay Example In addition, there is an assumption that in reading that all text have structures (Jiang & Grabe, 2007, p.34). And at the same time, â€Å"students in most class rooms are at different mental levels† (McMackin & Witherell(a), 2003, p. 11). In this regard, Hughes, Maccini, & Gagnon, (2003) argue that students at the upper-elementary, secondary and intermediate grades receive less individual attention than in primary grades. As a result, these new expectations and demands give more challenges in the process of learning and comprehension. And the required skills to comprehend become more challenging particularly for students with Learning disabilities (LD). And this becomes more challenging when a class does not represent a one particular type of students rather it is occupied with the students having different understanding abilities, comprehension power and retention. A class of students represents diversity and this diversity provides more challenging time for teachers who are expected to identify each student’s learning level and the teacher is expected to provide the targeted instruction (McMackin & Witherell(b), 2005). Additionally, with the passage of time as students progress, reading and comprehension increasingly incorporates expository text; from which the students are required to learn and comprehend. However, learning through expository is not easy a task for many students rather they are challenged with the reading assignments such as fiction (Kim et al., 2004). For instance, the material of expository text is of more informative nature and most of the time it is included by unfamiliar technical vocabulary terms and expressions. And these terms and expressions considerably differ from those expressions and terms that students had read in their primary classes. In addition, such text material is not organized properly rather poorly. This puts more pressure on students to use some additional complex cognitive tasks with an aim of comprehe nding the expository material (Lapp, Flood, Ranck-Buhr, 1995). With this added pressure from expository material, students face pressures and retention capabilities are directly hit or they become more exhausted; putting more psychological pressure to ensure learning the context of expository material. Additionally, some authors on the topic, suggest that there is a strong reason to believe that the students would under perform or may not be able to comprehend the context and material inside the expository text, for that purpose, they put forward their assertion that much of the expository material is filled with the huge amount of information. And this piece of information is not limited nor in its context, nor in its implications. Aggregately, there can be no boundary to determine the extent of expository material given a particular subject or topic. As a result, the students do not perform as they are expected to. Constantly, they under-perform and their aggregate graph of learni ng does not seem to be moving upward rather downward. In this regard, more innovations have been made in order to assist those students who are less equipped to face or manage the challenges of the expository material. Different learning strategies have been developed to assist students with LD (Dexter & Hughes, 2011). They need explicit content enhancements to assist in verbal (e.g. text or lecture) comprehension and graphic organizers (GOs) have often been recommended as an instructional devise to assist these students in understanding increasingly abstract

Corporate Finance ------ Analytical report Essay

Corporate Finance ------ Analytical report - Essay Example Let's begin by taking a closer look at the board of governors and what its members do. Together, management and the board of governors have the ultimate goal of maximizing shareholder value. In theory, management looks after the day-to-day operations, and the board ensures that shareholders are adequately represented. But the reality is that many boards are made up of management. The company Adobe Systems Inc., has a good balance between internal and external board members. Other good signs within Adobe Systems are the separation of CEO and chairman roles and an assortment of professional expertise of the board from accountant, attorney and executives. It's boards comprised of the current CEO (who is chairman), the CFO and the COO, along with the retired CEO, etc. This does not necessarily signal that the company is a bad investment, but, as a shareholder, it should question whether or not such a corporate structure is in shareholder best interests. The interaction between Financial Markets and Corporate Governance Corporate governance is merely one feature of the superior framework of macroeconomic policies, global capital, products and labour markets, competition, cultural norms, ethics, tax policy and diverse state regulatory systems. The expansion of global capital markets has shaped the potential for superior access to a bigger investor pool. However, the prime attraction of long-term patient capital, if it is domestic or international, the ability to offer corporate governance systems that are clearly expressed within regulatory and legal frameworks that support contractual and ownership rights. The importance of global capital markets and the governance debate continues to a purely property based regime with private property by which resources are used efficiently in our society. Global Financial markets focuses on the need to protect those property rights under vastly differing legal and political regimes, correlating shareholder protection and developed external capital markets. Capital markets are key to economic development. Economies, particularly in those nation states that are emerging or transitional, need foreign capital to make the investments necessary to generate wealth. Developed market economies also require additional capital to meet product and other market changes, and to ensure that they are globally competitive. Transparency of Corporate Governance Norms Provide Market Information Accounting principles differ from country to country, with differences often reflecting varying business practices, reporting practices and disclosure preferences. For corporate governance to be effective, official regulation of public disclosure will produce company information that is accurate, complete and timely. Interestingly and transparency of corporate governance norms are widely accepted capital market requirement. Disclosure and transparency requirements allow shareholders to monitor the use of their equity capital, enhancing board accountability mechanisms. Institutional investors such as pension funds are increasingly likely to use these transparency guarantees

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Nursing - Essay Example The Columbus campus is quite popular not just for its size but also for the range of its options for students of different background and needs. The Columbus campus is not the only campus of the Ohio State University. The specific University has been expanded across Ohio through ‘campuses in Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Wooster and Newark. Still, the Columbus campus is the most popular campus of the Ohio State University, a fact that it is highly related to the citation of the campus, at the heart of Columbus, Ohio. In terms of its performance in regard to medical studies and medical research, the Ohio State University can be characterized as quite successful. The College of Health Science and Nursing is built on the theoretical framework of Kristen Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Swanson outlines five unique caring processes: (1) maintaining belief, (2) knowing, (3) being with, (4) doing for, and (5) enabling (Parker & Smith, 2010). Swanson’s structure of the caring model shows the relationship among the five caring processes as overlapping elements. By adopting Swanson’s framework, the college shows its commitment to uplifting nursing as a caring profession, providing a first-class educational experience, and fostering quality patient care. The concept of caring is dynamic and is applicable to nursing practice, research, and education. As a leading educational institution, we are committed to redefining caring as a central concept in nursing, building professional relationships, developing clinical skills and knowledge, and encouraging career advancement. Nursing is providing holistic and culturally sensitive care and performing purposeful actions that lead to health restoration and the ability of the recipient to regain a sense of well-being. Nursing led interventions are implemented to achieve a desired positive outcome that promotes and/or assists individuals toward health-seeking

Global Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Global Marketing - Essay Example According to Hall (1977) in addition to learned nature of culture, anthropologists consider that all cultural aspects are interlinked and within a culture different groups share the same culture that distinguishes these groups as well. Therefore, change in one feature influences the other aspects of the culture in either direct or indirect way (p.16). Contrary to common belief, culture is more than art, music or literature when it comes to marketing on global level. It’s a major source of influence on activity in the marketplace. According to Keegan(2002) culture is defined as â€Å"ways of living† by anthropologists and sociologists. These particular ways are formed by group of individuals and pass from one generation to another. These ways of living are inaction in form of social, educational, business and religious institutions. Culture is not one time solution but a combination of conscious and unconscious set of ideas, beliefs, attitudes and symbols that form collective human behavior (pp.94-5). Culture is a complex and intriguing component of international business environment. Appropriate knowledge of cultural dimensions plays a crucial role in product development, promotion, human resource management, business negotiations and management of socio-political environment. One of the major problems is the implicit nature of cultural features. Cultural variables prove to be troublesome for multinationals with insufficient homework as their managers fail to realize the variance that leads to serious blunders (Cherunilam, 2007, p.75). Cherunilam(2007) further explains that in order to craft just the right strategies for potential customers in a certain culture, it is inevitable for marketers to understand their cultures. Some products and services are accepted in one culture while others reject them. It is crucial to modify the products

Radiofrequency catheter ablation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Radiofrequency catheter ablation - Case Study Example His medication history suggested that he was initially placed on amiodarone for his problems; however, it led to significant side effects of hypothyroidism and gastrointestinal upset. These could have implications on his baseline cardiac disease, and hence it was decided that he be weaned off the medicine, and about 3 months back, he was placed on bisoprolol 2.5 mg in case of tachycardia. He continued to drive for another half an hour and at 1300 hours, when he came back home, he took a 2.5 mg tablet of bisoprolol. From his experience of similar attacks, he found that at this time, the heart beats were taking a longer time to normalise, and in fact, they did not normalise at all, although were slowing. He had previous episodes of atrial fibrillation and had been cardioverted for three occasions in the past. He could recognise that this time, he was not feeling like he had an atrial fibrillation. Thus he was brought in an ambulance to the emergency department. His past medical history is significant for having had rheumatic fever at his age of 12 which was complicated by questionable mild aortic valve incompetence. He was diagnosed with atrial fibrillation for which he was cardioverted in three occasions. In the year 1984, he was diagnosed with Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome. ... He is on thyroxine 120 mg once daily and warfarin 8 mg daily as a prophylactic. His family history is positive strongly for stroke. He is a company director for sales; he is a teetotaler and does not smoke cigarettes. On examination, he looks well with vitals as charted, The mechanical heart click is audible on cardiac auscultation. His chest is clear. Abdomen is soft and nontender. ECG appears to have p waves, demonstrated short PR interval and appearance of delta waves. The treatment plan as decided was to have a Cardiology review. He would be placed on a cardiac monitor. Routine blood needs to be done with a chest X-ray. IV access would be established. This approach has been supported by studies and reports. The impression at this point in time was Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) with now slowing tachycardia. The best course of events would be to repeat an electrophysiological study (EPS) followed by a cardio ablation of the accessory pathway. In this assignment, the underlying basic sciences linking his WPW syndrome, EPS, and ablation will be discussed based on the available evidence from literature. Discussion Cardiac Conduction In all striated muscle cells, muscle contraction is triggered by a phenomenon of rapid voltage change. This is called an action potential. Action potentials occur on the cell membrane. However, action potentials on cardiac muscle cells differ considerably from those arising from the skeletal muscle cells. These differences are important since cardiac contraction has autonomous rhythmic excitation demanded by the physiology, and in normal circumstances this is involuntary. There are three important pathways that promote such synchronous rhythmic

Henry VIII Essay Example for Free

Henry VIII Essay 1. Did Henry VIII have the right to manage his marriages to his own advantage? In my opinion, I do not think so.   While it is understandable he needed a son to succeed him and to continue the Tudor name, he did not have the right manage his marriages for the sake of political expediency.   It is also revealed in studies made on the history of the Tudors is that Henry VIII was notoriously licentious.   His authority as king did not give him the right to change the rules. At the time, England was Catholic and it turned to Rome for moral guidance and when Henry did not get annulment, he changed policy and subordinated the church of England under him and his successors and this was all because he could not have a son.   Furthermore, he executed two of his wives and ironically, one of them, Anne Boleyn, produced his eventual successor, his daughter who would become Elizabeth I, one of England’s greatest monarchs. 2. Should a royal figure be held to a different moral code than his spouse and subjects? Why or why not? No.   Monarchs, regardless of their title, are still human.   Their title and privileges do not make them infallible.   They are also human and therefore prone to error.   They should not hide behind their authority to justify their wrongdoings as what most of them did in history.   They have to answer to someone and unfortunately, they cannot use God.   This is the reason why the philosophers of the Enlightenment eschewed the Divine Right theory when they saw it being abused. If monarchs believed they were ordained by God, how come their people hate them? If monarchs are considered beyond reproach, one needs to wonder why Louis XI was overthrown during the French Revolution or Charles I of England and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia were executed.   These examples demonstrate that the Divine Right is passà © and the reason why some monarchies cease to exist. Those that do exist are prudent enough to relinquish most of their power when they senses the changing times.

Corporate social responsiveness analysis

Corporate social responsiveness analysis Corporate social responsiveness refers to how business organizations and their agents actively interact with and manage their environments. In contrast, corporate social responsibility accentuates the moral obligations that business has to society. Responsiveness and responsibility can be viewed as a balance in that responsiveness can be shaped or triggered by public expectations of business responsibilities. Generally speaking, these responsibilities implied by the term of the social contract, which legitimises business as an institution with the expectation that it provides a service whilst adhering to societys laws and ethical norms. From this perspective, businesses are in a dynamic relationship with society of which responsiveness is a key aspect. More broadly, there is the issue of why business should bother. After all, as neoclassical economists have long argued, business owes abstractions such as society nothing-shareholders are the owners of business and it is the organizations obligation to do everything legal and legitimate to advance shareholder value, not waste it on well-meaning but irrelevant CSR projects. On the other hand, the stakeholder model of the firm would insist that shareholders are only one set of stakeholders and that there are plenty of other significant stakeholders, including customers; non-governmental organisations (NGOs); and communities more generally; as well as activist groups claiming to articulate the interests of the environment and climate change and other silent stakeholders. If businesses serve only shareholder value interests in the short term and do so in such a way that jeopardises other stakeholder interests, this can have an adverse impact on the business by attacking its legitimacy or reputation. It may well be that in standard business practice that the primary responsibility of companies is to create wealth for their shareholders. The emergence of CSR and activists associated with it however adds another dimension, in order for companies to do well financially; they must also be good, ethically, by acting virtuously. Civil society organisations have increased the energy they devote to directly lobbying and exposing the malpractice of companies, which has helped to change consumer preferences and citizens attitudes towards human rights, the environment, and exploitative relationships. This paper has been divided into several headings. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the state of corporate social responsibility at multinational corporations (MNCs), using the examples of Shell and Emirates Airlines. Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility at MNCs There have been increasing demands on multinational enterprises (MNCs) to provide community development programmes and assistance to their host communities, particularly, in developing countries. In other words, meeting locally defined social and economic goals. This is mainly because developmental projects and other social infrastructures are lacking in most of these countries and most of all the time that are not provided by the government. For example, oil companies, particularly, those operating in developing countries are now constantly under pressure to be more open and accountable for a wide range of actions, and to report publicly on their performance in the social and environmental arenas. Because of their impact on politics, economics and society in host nations, they must be more attentive that others in demonstrating social responsibility through initiatives to reduce their negative impact. Blowfield and Frynas (2005) mention that MNEs need to take account of the social, ethical and environmental perceptions of their operations and how these are likely to shape the future attitudes and actions of stakeholders. Following this argument, oil companies attach greater importance to their social and environmental impact and they engage more with local communities that they used to do in the past. Various community and environmental initiatives may be seen as a response to the threat of stakeholder sanctions (Blowfield and Frynas, 2005). The purpose of the report is top discuss the state of corporate social responsibility at multinational corporations (MNCs) using the examples of Shell and Emirates Airlines in a comprehensive way. First the paper will start with a brief on each of these companies. Secondly it will go on to the Stakeholder Salience model and the Stakeholder Power Interest matrix followed by a basic chart illustrating stakeholder dynamics for both companies. The third section will focus on Corporate Social Responsibility at Shell and Emirates Airlines and Shell Oil and Emirates Airlines Launched in 1985 in Dubai with just two leased planes, the global air giant Emirates Airlines now consists of a fleet of over 120 planes and approximately 44,000 employees. The privately owned Emirates Airlines group consists of Emirates Airlines and a number of subsidiary companies including Emirates Airlines Holidays Limited. Emirates Airlines is one of the worlds leading airlines with a network that provides passenger and freight services to 149 destinations in 72 countries. Shells head office is based in The Hague, Netherlands and the parent company of the Shell group is Royal Dutch Shell plc, incorporated in England and Wales. Shell currently operates in over 100 countries and employs 102,000 staff worldwide. Shell produces 2% of the worlds oil supplies and 3% of the worlds gas supplies. Shell Stakeholder Power Interest Matrix LOW INTEREST / LOW POWER Sub-contractors HIGH INTEREST / LOW POWER Country Leaders (if corrupt) Employees Proximate Communities Future Generations Community Initiatives LOW INTEREST / HIGH POWER Government Suppliers / Supply Chain Customers Shipping Industries Oil Reserve Companies HIGH INTEREST / HIGH POWER Price Governing Bodies Shareholders Competitors Petrol Price Governance Environment Lobbying Groups Legal Representation Companies Marketing Web Design Emirates Stakeholder Power Interest Matrix LOW INTEREST / LOW POWER Government (as privately owned) Future Generations Price Governing Bodies Sub-contractors Community Initiatives HIGH INTEREST / LOW POWER Employees Proximate Communities LOW INTEREST / HIGH POWER Suppliers / Supply Chain Customers Air Space Control HIGH INTEREST / HIGH POWER Shareholders Competitors Petrol Price Governance Environment Lobbying Groups Legal Representation Companies Marketing Web Design Corporate Social Responsibility at Shell and Emirates Airlines Shell Canada attempts to make all levels of management and corporate governance aware of these guiding Business Principles through strong Lines of communication between all organizational levels for the management of health, safety, environmental and social responsibility and must also consider having regard to the legal industry and community standards in those areas (Cannon, 1992). In Shell Canadas reports are regarded as their commitment to SD, and SD is used as an overarching corporate goal, alongside growth and profitability, each essential to delivering long-term value to their shareholders. The companys reports are part of its commitment to two guiding principles, transparency and stakeholder engagement, which attempts to strengthen the linkages between its conduct, and societys expectations. (Miles, Munilla and Darroch, 2006). Furthermore, decline in economic and social development in host communities due to neglect and lack of development initiatives from host governments, has sparked a global debate about the social responsibility of corporations. According to experts, stakeholders increasingly are looking to the private sector for help with a myriad of complex and pressing social and economic issues (Blowfield and Frynas, 2005). Similarly, it has been argued that it is good business to actively engage all stakeholders in the development of sustainable strategies that reflect both economic and socially responsible outcomes (Eweje, 2001). Emirates mission is to deliver services that matter to people who value how they fly. To realise this, Emirates Airlines recognises the importance of working in partnership with its stakeholders. This has influenced its approach to corporate social responsibility (CSR). Its approach has also been influenced by the recognition that airlines generate major social and economic benefits, but also have significant impacts on the environment (for example, through noise and air quality) and on communities around airports. (needs referencing) There are several reasons why Emirates Airlines chose to engage in CSR. The first is because it is a tool to help achieve the companys long term strategic goals in providing growth opportunities around Heathrow airport. Secondly, improving business efficiency and reducing costs through waste and energy programmes provided a strong business case for CSR (Frynas, 2005). The company also thought CSR could help them with risk management by identifying risks to health, safety and environment that could hinder its opportunity to attract investors and grow the business. Lastly, it recognised that it needed to act to enhance its corporate reputation, and customer feedback (both corporate and from the general public) revealed that they expected Emirates Airlines to do the right thing. (Warhurst and Mitchell, 2000). Climate change is increasingly relevant to Emirates Airlines as aviation is a growing contributor to global carbon dioxide emissions, a main greenhouse gas, and consequently to climate change. The increase in emissions-stimulated by a rise in a passenger and freight travel-coincides with many politicians and civil society groups calling for industry to reduce carbon emissions. this presented a problem for Emirates Airlines, especially when it seeks to be a leading player in the industry for environmental issues (Eweje, 2001). In response to this Emirates Airlines board decided to develop a programme of work on climate change. The programme first sough to identify ways in which the company could reduce its own impacts. By auditing its emissions and energy use, targets for reduction in these areas were developed-for example, a fuel efficiency target of a 30% improvement between 1990 and 2010. To date this represents a saving of 50m tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (Eweje, 2001). Emirates Airlines set a target of total reductions in annual emissions of 125,000 tonnes of CO2, to be achieved over five years (Culverwell, Lee and Koziell, 2003). One inhibiting factor has been the increase in fuel surcharges, which may have made passengers less interested in paying for other additional costs (Frynas, 2005). Emirates Airlines has attempted to deal with these challenges by improving understanding of the issues, proactively leading and stimulating the debate through direct advocacy with government and participation at various fora (Miles, Munilla and Darroch, 2006). Feedback from government and from experts on the environment has revealed that the climate change programme has positioned Emirates Airlines as a responsible airline. By becoming more involved in the debate, it has been able to steer that debate towards (in its view) the most sensible proposal of emission trading, rather than other interventions that could be expensive for the industry. In this way Emirates Airlines has been better able to manage its risks. The investment community has acknowledged this, and because of this it has enable Emirates Airlines to attract investment. A final benefit has been that, owing to its and other companies attitudes to environmental sustainability, there is a genuine prospect of expansion at Heathrow airport offering new opportunities for growth to Emirates Airlines (Warhust and Mitchell, 2000). The climate change programme is CSR because it is about taking actions to reduce its impact on the environment. Growing threat to the environment and to societies everywhere. Emirates Airlines actions on climate change go beyond compliance demonstrating that it is taking voluntary actions to reduce its contribution to carbon emissions and better understand its impact on climate change (Eweje, 2001). Emirates Airlines wishes to maintain its industry leadership position by continuing to develop policy and advocacy for cost effective instruments that benefit the environment. As part of this, it seeks to improve its customer engagement on climate change, to raise awareness and communicate Emirates Airlines work in the area. It will further develop its ground energy strategy to include actions to further reduce its internal impacts, for example, improving energy efficiency in its maintenance hangers. Lastly, it is continuing to develop and seek improvements in meeting its fuel efficiency target with a view to settting a new target for 2010 onwards. In Nigeria today, the most critical issue that affects the oil and gas is the Niger Delta (oil-producing region). There has been enormous pressure on both the Nigerian government and the MNCs to double their efforts and develop the region that contributes more that 80 per cent of Nigeria foreign earnings. Experts such as Carson, 1993 argue that oil companies have initiated, and implemented significant community development schemes. For example, MNCs provide education, scholarships, and build roads in Nigeria. He also suggests that global spending by oil, gas and mining companies on community development programmes in 2001 was over 500 million dollars (Carson, 1993). It could be argued that in economic terms, these are not the functions of businesses, but in less developed countries these roles, or rather duties, are expected from MNCS. Indeed, there have been times when local people in oil-producing regions have turned against MNEs precisely because they feel, as Mitte the president of Movement of the survival of the Ogoni people. One of the communities in the Niger Delta put it: they were not getting enough social and economic infrastructures/assistance from the MNEs that operate in their communities (Carson, 1993). Regrettably, the lack of visible and positive impact of CSR initiatives in oil-producing communities has been questioned. Evidence suggests that there is a gap between the MNCs stated CSR objectives and the actual results on the ground. What follows is the criticism of the community development initiatives of the companies because the host communities believe that MNCs CSR initiatives are not addressing both the social and environmental problems they are intended to resolve (Cannon, 1992). This assertion is somewhat similar to the argument of experts who suggest that numerous claims have been made about the contribution CSR can make to poverty alleviation and other development goals (Culverwell, Lee and Koziell, 2003). They further argue that contributes to this issue have reached the conclusion that currect CSR approaches do not warrant such claims. MNCs CSR initiatives in the Niger Delta have many aspects which include employment issues, environmental issues and local community issues (Cannon, 1992). MNCs CSR Initiatives in the Niger Delta In Nigeria, Charges of unethical behaviours include: total neglect of the Niger Delta (oil-producing areas in Nigeria) and lack of educational facilities such as classroom, teachers, and scholarships which will enhance the literacy development of the indigenes of the communities (Culverwell, Lee and Koziell, 2003). Over the years, the oil exploration and producing companies witnessed endless communal agitation, as the host communities have looked up to them for support and assistance in the provision of social and economic infrastructure and employment The poorests parts of Nigeria are where these oil companies are, and this has heightened conflict (Miles, Munilla and Darroch, 2006). Recourse to violence has resulted in a lot of damage to property and casualties on both sides. In some instances, it has resulted in the withdrawal of operations by oil companies form some locations. While planned seismic and drilling activities have been abandoned in others (Miles, Munilla and Darroch, 2006). In the past, the oil companies approach was to help or appease the communities whenever the need arose. More recently, however, they have established a more proactive and thoughtful approach to community assistance. This has resulted in the emergence of a fully developed community relations department in each of the companies, solely set up to anticipate and plan the needs of the communities (Miles, Munilla and Darroch, 2006). The Nigerian Petroleum News, 1998, who understand better their own real needs and future aspirations. During interviews with senior managers of oil companies in Nigeria, it was confirmed that community relations departments were created solely to meet local needs and situational politics. The argument here supports the theoretical position of experts who argue that corporations tend to listen to the demand of powerful stakeholder groups. In this case, the MNCs listen carefully to the demands of host communities and changed their approach towards them. The host communities also demand social welfare projects from the MNCs. In many developing countries, national and local governments have taken a more hands- off approach (Frynas, 2005) to regulating business due to such things as changing policies, the globalisation of commerce and shrinking resources. Against this background, companies are relying less on government for guidance, and instead they are pursuing their own policies with regard to such matters as environmental performance, working conditions and ethical marketing practices. This approach can be problematic. The secretary of the chiefs council of the oil-producing village of Bonny in the Niger Delta accused the oil companies of: Apartheid in its residential areas where all the state of the art welfare facilities including good water, constant electricity, good roads, super markets, schools with high-tech equipment, swimming pools and other facilities were in existence while the people of Bonny, the host community suffer absolute squalor and neglect (Frynas, 2005). This is one example of a charge of double standard brought against multinationals in developing countries. The host communities believe they should have the same facilities that are on offer to the companies workers since the bulk of profits of the MNEs comes from their land. As one observer pointed out: Communities in the Delta area in particular, where most of the exploration and production activities take place, feel generally ill-treated in the entire process of oil prospecting and production and consider themselves as being at the end of only the adverse effects of these activities (Frynas, 2005). They believe that they have not received an equitable share of the tremendous oil revenues which are being derived from their land and territories, especially in the light of disruptive consequences on their health and sources of livelihood. Nor have they been recognised as the inhabitants of oil-producing areas who should benefit from the natural resource that abounds in their ancestral lands. Trust and Discontent Issue It is argued in this paper that issue of trust plays a significant role in the relationship between the host communities in the Niger Delta and the MNCs. The past behaviour of MNCs for unfulfilling promises to the host communities has created a negative perception and mistrust. Hence, any CSR initiative no matter how laudable it is, does not always receive positive reaction in host communities. According to experts, managers can find a wealth of benefits from trust, including cost savings and enhanced organisational capacities. According to these researchers, what is evident is that the willingness of managers to create mutually trusting relationships is a matter of strategic choice. In other words, managers can, through their behaviour, help determine levels of trust in relationships between their firm and its various stakeholders. Trust is thus define as an integral part of the strategy formulation process (Warhust and Mitchell, 2000). High figures suggests that the Nigerian government rakes billions of US dollars in form of revenue from the oil industry. However, the host communities in the Niger Delta are neglected; corruption and mismanagement is rife amongst officials hence some projects earmarked for the development of the region are never completed (Warhurst and Mitchell, 2000). Charges of unethical behaviour include: total neglect of the Niger Delta and lack of educational facilities such as classrooms, teachers, and scholarships which will enhance the literacy development of the indigenes of the communities. Over the years, the oil exploration and producing companies have borne the brunt of endless communal agitation, as the host communities have looked up to them for support and assistance in the provision of social and economic and infrastructure and employment. The host communities believe they should have the same facilties that are on offer to the companies workers since the bulk of profits of the MNEs come from their land. On the issue of electrification of the communities, the companies are accused of neglecting the areas where they work by only providing electricity to their installations. The communities do not benefit from the same developments that the companies undertake for their installations and workers (Warhurst and Mitchell, 2000). Conclusion In short, the paper presents the examples of two multinational corporations and their responsiveness towards corporate social responsibility. The main points of the paper can be summarised that corporate social responsiveness, corporate social responsibility, and corporate social impacts are encapsulated in the phrase corporate social performance. Of these three concepts, responsiveness is the most forward looking, action-oriented, and malleable, since it is based on the precept that corporations have the capacity to anticipation and adapt to environmental factors. The potential is that corporate managers can learn to prevent or minimize the kind of unwelcome surprises that necessitate crisis management and government intervention while responding proactively to public expectations of how business can serve the greater good.

History of Civil Rights | Essay

History of Civil Rights | Essay Racism entails the belief that some races are more superior to others in society. From as early as the colonial era, racism in the United States of America has been a major issue. Native Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, American Jews, Irish Americans and some other immigrant groups and their descendants were all considered as the minority groups. Racism has many forms. However, no one is born a racist. This develops from the environment from which our children grow into. Racism in the United States of America has been a major issue ever since the slave and the colonial era. Legally endorsed racial discrimination imposed a grave burden on African Americans, Native Americans, Mexican Americans, and Asian Americans. European Americans were from the beginning at an advantage since the American law favored them in matters of voting rights, literacy standards, immigration, land acquisition, citizenship, and criminal procedure over periods of time extend from as early as the 17th century to the 1960s. Majority of the European ethnic groups, particularly Eastern Europe, Irish Americans, American Jews, Southern European immigrants, in addition other immigrants, suffered discrimination and other kinds of racism in American society. The major racially structured institutions at the time included Indian wars, slavery, segregation, Native American reservations, internment camps and residential schools (for Native Americans. In America, official racial bias was largely prohibited in the mid-20th century; moreover, it came to be viewed as socially intolerable. However, racial politics remained a major phenomenon in American territory. Historical racism up to date has continued to be perceived in socio-economic inequality. Nevertheless, racial stratification continued to take place in all avenues in our society including government, housing, employment, housing, lending and education sectors. As is the case in most countries, many people in the United States of America continue to harbor some discrimination against individuals from other races. Discrimination infiltrates almost all aspects of life in the United States of America, and it further extends to all communities of color. SLAVERY Slavery in the United States was a kind of forced labor that existed in North America as a legal institution for over a century. This was before the United States was founded in the year 1776. Later on, slavery began to spread to the south. This continued until the thirteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution was passed in 1865. The first lot of Africans to land in the United States was brought into North America in 1619. The ship docked in Virginia carrying about 20 Africans. This was the beginning of slavery in America. Slavery gradually spread into areas with good fertile soils where large plantations of high value cash crops were being grown. The key crops being grown were sugar, Cotton, coffee and tobacco. During the 18th century, legislatures and colonial courts had radicalized slavery. Fundamentally this created a caste system in which slavery applied exclusively to Black Africans and other people of African origin. However, Native Americans were also occasionally turned into slaves. Between the 16th à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 19th centuries, more than 12 million Africans had been shipped into America to become slaves to the Americans. By the 19th century, majority of the slave holders were located in South Americas where the land was more fertile. The African slaves were managed by overseers who were usually white Americans. Slavery was a touchy subject in the politics of the United States of America between 1770s-1860s. Thus it became a matter of discussion in the drafting of the American Constitution. Moreover, it became a key issue in Federal legislation and Supreme Court cases. Slaves resisted the legalization of slavery and the whole institution that supported it. To show their dismay, they held rebellions and non-compliance. In addition, they escaped slavery by travelling to non-slave states and Canada. This was made possible by the Underground Railroad. Activists of abolitionism were constantly engaged in political and moral debates in an effort to encourage the creation of Free Soil states as Western expansion proceeded. Slavery was a major subject that led to the start of the American Civil War. Once the Union won the war, slavery became illegal throughout the United States of America. In addition, the country adopted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. B. Freedom Fighters Once slavery was abolished, African American people began to rise into positions of power in America. Some of them are discussed below. Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr was not only an American clergyman and activist but also a prominent leader in the African American Civil Rights Movement. He is famous for his contribution to the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world. He advocated for the use of non violent methods with regards to Mahatma Gandhi. He is also famous for being a Nobel peace laureate in 1964 for his work to end racial segregation and discrimination using non violent means. When he was assassinated in 1968, he was posthumously honored the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This was in 1977 and in 2004; he was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. In the year 1986, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. federal holiday. 2. Autherine Lucy Foster Autherine Lucy Foster went down in history as the first black student to ever attend the University of Alabama. At the time, university policies prohibited her from attending the university since she was black. She therefore approached the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for assistance. Court proceedings began on July 1953 and on June 29, 1955, the NAACP secured a court order preventing the University from turning down the admission applications of Lucy and her friend based upon their race. Few days later, the court amended the decision to apply to all other African-American students who were seeking admission in the university. The Supreme Court upheld this in Lucy v. Adams on October 10, 1955. The university reluctantly allowed Lucy to register, however, she was excluded from all dormitories and dining halls. On February 3, 1956, Lucy enrolled as a graduate student in library science, becoming the first African American to ever get admitted to a w hite public school or university in the state. However, things were not smooth sailing for Lucy since on the third day of classes, a hostile mob gathered to keep her from attending her classes. The police intervened however that evening Lucy was suspended from university on grounds that she disrupted the peace in the university. She filed suit against the university and as a result, they expelled her on grounds that she slandered the university reputation after decades of law suits, the University overturned her expulsion. This was in 1980, and in 1992, she finally earned her Masters degree in Elementary Education from the University. The University named a scholarship in her honor as well as unveiled a portrait of her in the student union. The inscription on it reads Her initiative and courage won the right for students of all races to attend the University. 3. Ida B. Wells- Barnet Ida Bell Wells-Barnett (July 16, 1862 March 25, 1931) was an African American female news paper editor and journalist. Her husband, Ferdinand L. Barnett, was the newspaper owner as well as an early civil rights movement leader. Ida documented the extent of killings that were being executed in the United States. She was also dynamic in the womens rights movement as well as the womens suffrage movement in America. Since she was little, she was aggressive in her demands for equality and justice for African-Americans. She always maintained that the African-American community could only gain justice through its own determination and efforts. Since her death, in March 25, 1931, the significance of her life as well as her legacy has greatly grown. Her life story has been the subject of a extensively performed musical drama, which debuted in 2006, by Tazewell Thompson. In history, she is labeled the woman who was at one time born in slavery yet she grew to overcome all odds and become one of the great pioneer activists of the Civil Rights Movement in America. III. Civil Rights Movements in the United States Brown vs. Board of Education Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a land mark decision made by United States Warren Supreme court on May 17, 1954. The land mark declared the previous state laws that ensured the establishing separate public schools for white and black students were unconstitutional. This court ruling overturned the Ferguson vs. Plessey decision of 1896 which advocated for state-sponsored segregation. The court decision stated that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. As a result, de jure racial segregation was declared a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States constitution. This ruling paved the way for integration of all people irrespective of their race and civil rights movement. B. Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance began as a result of changes that had occurred in the African American community since slave was legally abolished. These changes were further hastened by the outcome of World War I. another catalyst to the movement was the great social and cultural changes that occurred in early 20th century in the United States. Industrialization was attracting people to urban areas from the rural areas and as a result, this gave rise to a new mass culture. Some of the contributing factors that lead to the Harlem Renaissance were the First World War, which had produced new industrial employment opportunities for hundreds of thousands of people and the Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities in America. This in turn led to the concentration of ambitious people in areas where they could hearten each other. Thus, the movement emerged stronger and more determined than ever. Harlem is a section of New York City. In the early 1900s, mostly in the1920s and early 1930s, African American literature started to thrive in Harlem. The New Negro movement, the New Negro Renaissance, and the Negro Renaissance were names referring the African American movement that was aimed at fighting for the blacks rights in America. This movement came forward towards the end of the First World War in 1918. The Harlem Renaissance marked the crucial moment in American history when the mainstream writers and critics took African American literature seriously. This is because; they realized that African American literature and arts was gaining significant attention from the world as a whole. Although it was mainly a fictional movement, it was very much related to progress in African American theater, music, politics and art. The Harlem Renaissance seemed to be the best of times for America to recognize and appreciate the African American people. The Harlem renaissance main objective was to fight for equality. However, once the great depression came about, the Harlem renaissance collapsed. Conclusion The election of Barrack Obama as a US president was a major milestone in the history of the United States. Being an African American, it was the peoples way of telling the world that the end of the dark ages of racism in America had come. People like martin Luther King Jr. dreamt of the day all Americans would accept each other and learn to live together in harmony. Finally this dream is slowly becoming a reality. Racism is a global harm on society, yet with persistence equality can be made.

Affirmative Action Essay example -- essays research papers

Affirmative action is the nation’s most ambitious attempt to redress its long history of racial and sexual discrimination, however in modern times and approximately forty years after the establishment of this policy, society is plagued with the issues of whether affirmative action is necessary, whether it is a benefit or detriment to society, and why it incites rather then eases the nation’s internal dilemmas after so many years of having been in effect. In the following paragraphs the issues surrounding this debate, such as what is the definition of affirmative action, how and why affirmative action was established to begin with, who is affected by this policy, whether affirmative action is still necessary in today’s society or if such policy should be done away with, and, finally, possible resolutions to this dilemma, will be reviewed, beginning with the explanation of how affirmative action came about. In March l96I, less than two months after President John F. Kennedy took office, he issued an Executive Order (10925), which established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. Its mission was to end discrimination in employment by the government and its contractors. The order required every federal contract to include the pledge that "The Contractor will not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin. The Contractor will take affirmative action, to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." (QUOTE) Here for the first time the government called for "affirmative action." Soon, thereafter the Civil Rights Act of 1964 restated and broadened the application of this principle with the Title VI, which declared that "No person in the United States shall, on the ground Or r ace, color or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." But within one year President Lyndon B. Johnson argued that fairness required more than a commitment to impartial treatment. In his 1965 commencement address at Howard University, he said: "You do not take a person who for years has been hobbled by chains and liberate him... ...us attempt to redress its long history of racial and sexual discrimination, however in modern times and approximately forty years after the establishment of this policy, society is plagued with the issues of whether affirmative action is necessary, whether it is a benefit or detriment to society, and why it incites rather then eases the nation’s internal dilemmas after so many years of having been in effect. In the following paragraphs the issues surrounding this debate, such as what is the definition of affirmative action, how and why affirmative action was established to begin with, who is affected by this policy, whether affirmative action is still necessary in today’s society or if such policy should be done away with, and, finally, possible resolutions to this dilemma. Affirmative Action is the bridge between changing the laws and changing the culture. The radical right wing would have us believe that women and people of color earn less because we don't work as hard or we're not as smart. That simply isn't the case. Laws have changed, but discrimination persists. Affirmative Action only opens doors, women and people of color have to walk through those doors by themselves. Affirmative Action Essay example -- essays research papers Affirmative action is the nation’s most ambitious attempt to redress its long history of racial and sexual discrimination, however in modern times and approximately forty years after the establishment of this policy, society is plagued with the issues of whether affirmative action is necessary, whether it is a benefit or detriment to society, and why it incites rather then eases the nation’s internal dilemmas after so many years of having been in effect. In the following paragraphs the issues surrounding this debate, such as what is the definition of affirmative action, how and why affirmative action was established to begin with, who is affected by this policy, whether affirmative action is still necessary in today’s society or if such policy should be done away with, and, finally, possible resolutions to this dilemma, will be reviewed, beginning with the explanation of how affirmative action came about. In March l96I, less than two months after President John F. Kennedy took office, he issued an Executive Order (10925), which established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. Its mission was to end discrimination in employment by the government and its contractors. The order required every federal contract to include the pledge that "The Contractor will not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin. The Contractor will take affirmative action, to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." (QUOTE) Here for the first time the government called for "affirmative action." Soon, thereafter the Civil Rights Act of 1964 restated and broadened the application of this principle with the Title VI, which declared that "No person in the United States shall, on the ground Or r ace, color or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." But within one year President Lyndon B. Johnson argued that fairness required more than a commitment to impartial treatment. In his 1965 commencement address at Howard University, he said: "You do not take a person who for years has been hobbled by chains and liberate him... ...us attempt to redress its long history of racial and sexual discrimination, however in modern times and approximately forty years after the establishment of this policy, society is plagued with the issues of whether affirmative action is necessary, whether it is a benefit or detriment to society, and why it incites rather then eases the nation’s internal dilemmas after so many years of having been in effect. In the following paragraphs the issues surrounding this debate, such as what is the definition of affirmative action, how and why affirmative action was established to begin with, who is affected by this policy, whether affirmative action is still necessary in today’s society or if such policy should be done away with, and, finally, possible resolutions to this dilemma. Affirmative Action is the bridge between changing the laws and changing the culture. The radical right wing would have us believe that women and people of color earn less because we don't work as hard or we're not as smart. That simply isn't the case. Laws have changed, but discrimination persists. Affirmative Action only opens doors, women and people of color have to walk through those doors by themselves.